H 2 + Raney Nickel. Clemmensen reduction is a chemical reaction described as a reduction of ketones (or aldehydes) to alkanes using zinc amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Mechanism of the Clemmensen Reduction. * The Clemmensen reduction is used to conveniently reduce the carbonyl compounds, which are stable to strongly acidic conditions, to alkanes. The mechanism of Clemmensen reduction is not fully understood; intermediacy of radicals are implicated. Investigations into the mechanism of the reduction reveal that each group is reduced independently. The method has been applied to a broad range of compounds with different properties. [1][2] Examples.
* In Clemmensen reduction, the amalgamated zinc in HCl is used as reducing agent. [1] [2] [3] This reaction is named after Erik Christian Clemmensen , a Danish chemist. Clemmensen reduction is complementary to Wolff-Kishner reduction, which also converts aldehydes and ketones to hydrocarbons, in that the former is carried out in strongly acidic conditions and the latter in strongly basic conditions. Single-step reduction of aryl nitro and carbonyl groups to the corresponding synthetically useful alkyl-anilines occurs with excellent yields by treatment with hydrazine and a base in a solvent-free reaction. Acid-labile molecules should be reduced by the Wolff-Kishner protocol. The Clemmensen Reduction is complementary to the Wolff-Kishner Reduction, which is run under strongly basic conditions.
Common Conditions: H 2 + Pd/C. Nitro Reduction; Nitro Reduction. The reduction takes place at the surface of the zinc catalyst. One drawback of H2 + Pd/C is its ability to react with a wide variety of other functionalities on a substrate. * The C=O group is converted to CH 2 group. Catalytic hydrogenation with palladium on carbon is often the method of choice for nitro reductions. Both aromatic and aliphatic nitro groups are reduced to amines.
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